Archive for the 'Finance' Category

Top tips - cost-cutting

We began compiling a list of practical cost-cutting tips, but quickly realised that any cost-saving measures should be considered prudently, with an objective, forward-thinking frame of mind… With that in mind, here’s our top tips for framing the right mindset for cost-cutting.

Next month we’ll publish our list of practical cost-cutting tips.

In the meantime, if you’d like to share your own practical cost-cutting tips please email us .

Think prudently… Sound judgement and an eye to the future are crucial to effective cost-cutting. Every action has a reaction, so carefully consider what impact cost-saving measures may have later on. Careful, prudent thinking means every penny is spent - or saved - cautiously and confidently.

Waste not want not… Waste is an evil you can do without. It’s often hard to find, and sometimes harder to stamp out. But ultimately: it serves no purpose and it costs you money. Even incredibly wealthy companies (like Google, for example) are obsessed with eliminating waste from their processes and operations. Why? Because it’s the number one most effective way to cut costs without cutting quality. By definition, waste adds nothing, so taking it away is a win-win. Being conscious of this fact when cost-cutting might help you distinguish between valuable and detrimental cost-saving measures.

Cost-cutting equals competitive advantage…
Cost cutting might be a necessity now, but learn to do it effectively and it’ll become a competitive advantage in the future. Effective cost-cutting (such as the elimination of waste) lets you offer more competitive prices to customers and helps maximise profits and financial resources for future development. Short term spending curbs may be a necessity now, but think about how you can make sustainable savings that allow your business to become more competitive in the long-term.

Create a positive mindset… Permeating a positive mindset amongst your employees makes cost-cutting an opportunity and not a threat. You might need to cut costs to survive, but look at it another way: you need to cut costs to be more successful. It’s a subtle but valuable distinction. For example, employees might feel more motivated to cut costs if they believe such actions contribute to a company’s long-term competitive advantage and success, rather than just short-term survival.

The cost of not spending… Sometimes, not spending comes at a greater cost than you initially realise. Let’s say you adopt a do-it-yourself approach to marketing to avoid out-sourcing the task to an external agency. It may save money upfront, but at what cost? You run the danger of failing to attract new customers because you’re bad at marketing, thus losing more revenue in the process. In addition, you run the risk of taking your mind off your day job, which might further damage your business. By evaluating the ‘real’ cost of not spending, you can more effectively decide if cost-cutting measures are counter-intuitive. You may still find areas where you can cut costs, but sometimes, the best way to save money is to spend it.

The cost and benefit… Every pound offers a varying degree of benefit depending on how you spend it. £100 spent on a buffet lunch might seem like a waste, unless it bolsters staff morale and productivity during your monthly meeting. But then, that’s £1,200 spent on lunches over the whole year. That money could be spent on an annual away-day which helps foster a more productive team dynamic. Both offer similar benefits, so both are arguably valid costs. But which offers the most benefit? If you can measure the distinct benefits associated with distinct costs, you can begin to make more balanced, cost-effective spending comparisons, and thus more accurately decide where the precious pounds should and should not go.

Think opportunity cost… Every pound you spend denies you interest payments you would have received if you’d left that pound in the bank. Spending a pound on one thing also denies you the opportunity to spend it on something else, that might have delivered more benefits. An appreciation of opportunity cost may help you focus spending decisions in the right places, which will ultimately help you cut costs.

Know your priorities… Every pound you spend either contributes to your priorities or detracts focus away from them. Think back over your key objectives and justify spending and cost-cutting decisions within that context. If cost-cutting is needed, weigh up factors such as cost/benefits, opportunity cost and ‘the cost of not spending’ within the context of your organisational objectives. Doing this helps achieve focus and direction when cost-cutting measures are inevitable.

Managing cashflow: the basics

UK companies are facing ever-increasing liquidity pressures as both available credit and cashflow falls.

Figures from the Bank of England indicate that the amount of cash companies had in available, unused credit facilities dropped by over 13 per cent in the 12 months to June 2008. May alone saw the biggest drop in available credit since records began in the late ’80s. This comes alongside falling levels of cash and bank deposits; two factors which are combining to adversely impact the liquidity of UK firms.

This news may not come as a complete surprise, but it serves as a timely reminder of the importance of effective and regular cashflow management.

A dwindling availability of both credit and cash has obvious implications for business liquidity. Identifying such downward trends as early as possible is crucial to planning measures to prevent such issues threatening a business’s current operational ability and its future survival and profitability.

Effective cashflow management should be high on any business’s agenda, whatever the economic climate. But now more than ever, as economic conditions are putting additional pressures not just on cash income but availability of credit, businesses must pay extra attention to the task.

Read our guide - Cashflow management: the basics

Investment finance and the economic climate

Until recently the prospect of economic downturn was little more than speculation. GDP rose last quarter and employment continues to grow. But looking forward, the outlook is worsening: figures from the International Monetary Fund do not predict a recession, but its UK economic growth forecast of 1.9 per cent for 2008 and 2009 is the lowest since the early ‘90s. In light of such gloom, growth-hungry business owners might wonder what the future holds, and so might investors.

Anticipation of tougher times ahead could spur businesses into seeking investment sooner rather than later. They may feel pressured into securing investment deals before the tide goes out, or anxious to secure finance to weather potentially turbulent times ahead. Credit problems - making it more difficult and costly to borrow - may also lead more businesses towards considering investment finance as a viable option. In the face of a more competitive landscape, businesses might find themselves working much harder to find and negotiate satisfactory investment deals.

Reduced confidence in the wider economic climate does not necessarily equate to less confidence - or less money - from investors. Low-value sources of finance such as friends and family funding may dwindle as individuals shy away from high-risk investments. But managed sources of finance - such as Business Angels and Venture Capital - are less likely to be deterred by economic downturns. Just like any other business they aim to make money, whatever the climate. If anything, an economic downturn could to play to investors’ advantage. They may need to pick and choose more wisely, seeking investments in ‘recession-proof’ markets, or work harder to negotiate better deals. But investors know how to secure good investments in good businesses, so turbulent times may represent less of headache and more of an opportunity to grab a bargain.

At what cost businesses find finance is therefore a crucial question. Just because they can, investors will question business models, critique business plans and more than ever make businesses work harder for investment deals. When seeking investment finance, evaluating current and projected business performance and value are crucial tasks for business owners, even more so during uncertain economic times. Businesses must be sure of their own value - being realistic but confident. It may be easier to settle for less during uneasy and competitive times, but a sense of realism and confidence in current and projected value ensures a strong negotiating point for businesses looking to broker strong deals.

The marketplace a business operates in - and its business model - are two additional factors affecting the perceived value of a company during uncertain economic conditions. Some marketplaces are less susceptible to economic turbulence, such as reductions in consumer spending or rising operating costs. Recession vulnerable business will clearly struggle in times of economic certainty - but businesses operating in ‘recession-proof’ markets could actually become more compelling investments.

Talking about specific markets and business models at a recent Business Link jointly-sponsored event entitled ‘Access to Media Finance’, several investors commented on how a recession could impact investment decisions. Investors reiterated the feeling that valuations might need to be reconsidered, but that ‘more disruptive’ business models are likely to remain strong despite economic fears. The general feeling was that:

“Disruptive businesses are recession proof. Something that’s really going to change the way markets work; the velocity may be a little slower, it may be a little harder to get the cash upfront, but if you’re literally changing the way business is done, it will work in a recession as well as in a big time.”
Alex Hoye, Go-Industry and Seedcamp

So, what could an economic downturn really mean for investors and business owners seeking investment? Investors are likely to seize on the opportunity to challenge company valuations and focus on securing investments in so-called ‘recession-proof’ businesses. They will work a more competitive environment to their advantage, ensuring investment deals are sound and future-proof. As a result, business owners will need to work and fight harder for good investment deals; work harder to justify their value and potential, and fight to ensure that they don’t under-sell themselves because of negative economic conditions.

But remember: investors - whatever the economic climate - are looking for good entrepreneurs with good business models. Even though more disruptive or recession-proof businesses may be more desirable, it does not mean that those falling outside that picture will be left in the cold:

“When the tide goes out, it thins the ranks and really focusses on good entrepreneurs with good business models.”
Alex Hoye, Go-Industry and Seedcamp

Fundamentally, talk of an economic slowdown does nothing more than make this observation more true. Good people running good businesses are going to survive less than favourable economic conditions - and they are going to find the investment they need. The landscape may be more competitive, but that just means business owners will need to fight harder for investment. Confidence (not arrogance) is key: being sure about valuations and performance metrics is vital. Even more so than usual.

The process of getting ‘investment ready’ is more important now than ever. The marketplace for investment finance is still there, but with uncertain economic times ahead, it is likely to become lean and mean - it’s up to you to lay the groundwork that ensures that your business, your proposition, and your potential are so strong that they don’t get left in the cold. The tide may go out, but as one investor put it: that just serves to indicate who remembered to wear their swimmers. In other words, be prepared.

More info - Getting investment ready

More info - Top 3 investor wants

Top 3 investor wants

1. Growth potential and profit

Investors want to invest in businesses which turn over substantial profits and grow significantly in value. They want a regular share of said profits, and eventually, want to exit the business by selling their shares at the most profitable moment.

Business owners looking for investment must deliver not just excellent business performance, but explicit evidence of it. Business plans must showcase past performance, illustrate future profit projections, and demonstrate how growth translates into increased business value.

It is generally not enough to walk through an investor’s door with a unique idea, disruptive business model or vague promise of future success.

An investor’s job is to manage risk and reward. They do this by demanding realistic, tangible and measurable evidence that their investment is going to offer long-term, profitable returns.

In short: they want to see strength in numbers.

2. Strong management

Investors want to invest in great people, not just great businesses. Strong management is what delivers strong business performance, maximises profit, and ensures the potential value of a business is fully realised.

Management teams must show unrivalled motivation, courage, creativity and persistence. They must illustrate to investors how their ideas, capabilities and skills translate into added-value, and deliver consistently strong business performance.

Talking at a Business Link jointly-sponsored event on investment finance, Patrick Bradley from investment group Ingenious Media observed that “what investors are increasingly understanding is that size of investment you make doesn’t necessarily have a correlation to the amount you get out the other end. It’s really whether you believe the people sitting in front of you 1) have an excellent idea, 2) have the right blend of management capabilities, and 3) most importantly, have the ability to execute the idea.”

In other words: a great idea is one thing, a pile of cash is quite another - but crucially, it’s the people steering the direction of these two things that adds the most value to a business proposition.

In short: investors manage risk by putting their money in safe hands.

3. Market opportunities

Investors want to invest in genuine, significant and achievable market opportunities. They want businesses that can capitalise on their investment by seizing said market opportunities more effectively than competitors.

Businesses looking for investment must identify and assess market opportunities and clearly outline their nature, size and potential. What is the market opportunity? How fast is the market growing? Do you have a sustainable and/or unique competitive advantage over competitors? Are there additional, future monetisation opportunities in the market? What makes your company and management team more capable of seizing on the market opportunity than others?

Painting a clear picture of your business’s market opportunities puts your position into context for the investor. For example, if your addressable market is small, an investor may wonder how their investment can increase your potential. Back that scene up with evidence of future monetisation opportunities in the marketplace, and your market opportunity becomes much clearer.

Often investors don’t have intricate knowledge of markets. It’s your job know your market opportunities and make them transparently clear to investors.

In short: turn your vision into theirs.

Getting investment ready

Investors want investment ready businesses that understand the investment journey and are ready and prepared for it.

More info - Getting investment ready

Tool - Assess your finance readiness

Getting investment ready

Attracting investment finance and managing your investment journey are important and unique undertakings that require adequate and precise preparation. Here are a few tips and questions to get you started…

Know yourself

Investors are primarily concerned with profiting in the growth and success of your business. If growth and profit are also your key objectives, how do you feel about the prospect of sharing your hard earned rewards? Remember: businesses often grow organically without outside investment; it may be a slower journey, but you’ll remain in control of your business, and its profits too.

  • Given that an investor will own a part of your business, are you satisfied that a smaller share of a potentially larger/faster growing business is what you really want?
  • Are you prepared to be accountable for your actions and results to a board of directors?
  • Are you prepared to lose some independence?

Questions courtesy of: SWAIN Investment Ready Guide

At a recent Business Link jointly-sponsored event talking about investment finance, the investor relationship was described as “marriage without the possibility of divorce” and “easy when it works”. If you are absolutely sure that an investment relationship is right for your business, the next step is to make sure your marriage is as easy as it is everlasting…

Know your potential investor

Knowing your potential investor is a crucial precursor to finding the right one. And it’s vital for opening up effective, constructive dialogue from the word go.

To get started, make a shortlist of ‘ideal’ investors. Take a look at their websites and try to gauge their likely level of interest in your marketplace and proposition. Evaluate their motives, their previous investments, track record, the quality of their people, the deepness of their pockets, or simply peruse any other information you can find. Investors may also volunteer a wealth of information on their websites about what they expect from businesses approaching them for investment, so take note.

Profiling investors is an invaluable process which could help tailor your business plan, presentations, pitches, and overall approach to meetings and negotiations. It could also offer a more strategic insight to assist your own selection and evaluation process. Remember: the process of knowing your investor is as much about vetting them for suitability and compatibility with you, as it is about moulding yourself into the perfect fit for them.

  • Have you established what characteristics, attributes and skills you require from an investor?
  • How experienced at investing in SME’s is the investor?
  • How will you orchestrate interest from more than one investor?
  • How will you evaluate any investment offers you receive?
  • Have you calculated the IRR, which will be available to an investor?
  • What controls are you proposing (at all levels)?
  • Have you considered that the investor might require a seat on the Board?

Questions courtesy of: SWAIN Investment Ready Guide

Evaluate your attractiveness

Your attractiveness for investment will be assessed based on factors such as: your business’s past and current performance, unique selling point, projections for future growth and profitability, the strength of your management team, the nature of your business model, your market opportunity, and where you sit competitively within that marketplace.

How many of the following qualities apply to you?

  • The management team is strong and experienced
  • The company enjoys defendable strategic assets
  • There is a strong USP
  • The company is selling into a growth sector
  • The business is scalable, commercial and realistic
  • Market demand is well researched and demonstrable
  • The business is already generating revenues
  • The business model produces high profitability and strong cash generation
  • The shareholding directors are committed to a well researched and credible exit strategy
  • A strong value proposition is available to customers

Questions courtesy of: SWAIN Investment Ready Guide

Write a relevant business plan

The most critical step in getting investment ready is the preparation of a suitable business plan. It emphasises the strength of your opportunity, it outlines your past, current and projected business performance, and emphasises the value of your business, its products, services, and people.

The business plan sits at the heart of your entire investment proposition. Make sure it’s tailored to include the information investors expect to see (you can find sample formats online  or by seeking further advice). Above all: make sure its ‘whole’ paints a clear and compelling vision of your business, its plans and opportunities.

A. Have you completed your business plan?

B. Have you based the plan on a recommended layout?

C. Does it have the following qualities?

  • Not more than 20-25 pages long
  • Includes clear financial projections, with monthly profit and loss, cash flow and balance sheets for the first two years
  • Contains an executive summary of not more than two pages

D. Is the plan clear on the following key areas?

  • The description of what the business does
  • How much finance is needed and for what purpose
  • The ‘value proposition’ to customers
  • The route to market
  • The market demand (supported by market research)
  • How competitive advantage will be maintained

Questions courtesy of: SWAIN Investment Ready Guide

Time it right

Here’s a quick sound-bite from someone who’s been through the investment journey before:

“Raise cash when you don’t need it. It’s a lot more difficult when you’re desperate.”

Ryan Notz, buildersite.com

This comment makes two pertinent observations. First and foremost, it points out that businesses should raise investment in advance of their actual need. Investors are likely to spot desperation, significantly weakening your bargaining position. Second, it supports the argument for effective planning of your investment journey. Take the right steps towards getting investment ready, and you are less likely to find yourself in a rush to find investment.

But remember: don’t let your eagerness not to appear desperate make you feel, well, desperate. Revisit the tips and questions raised in this guide. Know yourself, know your investor, know your worth, and know your business plan. These things should help you determine when the time is right.

Don’t do it alone

You may feel swamped by the magnitude of the task, especially when you begin to negotiate deals and face complex legal or tax issues.

Don’t do it alone: use the framework of colleagues, peers, advisers and professionals that exist around you to get the right kind of help - to make sure you get it right.

More info

For more information on the investment ready process, read the SWAIN Investment Ready Guide or contact Business Link on 0845 600 9966.

Sources of finance : overview

Internal sources of finance

Internal sources of finance are often the first to be exploited. But unless a business is cash-rich and extremely profitable, such finance may be insufficient for ambitious growth and development plans.

The main sources of internal finance are:

  • Personal savings - Cash injected into a business by its owners can be paid back if the business succeeds, but there’s an obvious personal risk should the business fail.
  • Working capital - That is, the finance available from current or short term assets, minus current liabilities. This could fund development, but may leave cash-flow tight.
  • Retained profits - Any profit a business keeps as opposed to distributing to owners/shareholders. Balancing the interests of the business and its owners is important.
  • Sale of assets - A business may sell assets such as property, equipment, or Intellectual Property. 

There may be risks associated with exploiting internal finance - such as putting personal savings in danger, crippling cash-flow, or frustrating equity holders through retention of profits. Of course, such risks need to be weighed up against the benefits - not least the fact that internal finance does not incur borrowing costs or require business owners to sell part of their business. Such risks and benefits should be considered within the context of a business’s own circumstances, and compared with the benefits of raising alternative, external sources of finance.

External sources of finance

The options for sourcing external finance can be divided into two groups: Ownership capital involves giving up ownership of and possibly some control over the business. Non-ownership capital does not involve such sacrifices, but can be a costly way to raise finance.

Ownership capital

  • Sale of ordinary shares - Otherwise referred to as equity shares, this is a method of raising finance by selling part of a limited company. Ordinary shareholders share in the profits of a business (through dividends). Businesses choose whether to pay dividends, based on factors such as the profitability of the business or its strategic goals. 
  • Sale of preference shares - Preference shareholders are usually entitled to fixed dividend payments, regardless of a business’s profitability, which should be paid before ordinary shareholder dividends. A business may retain the right to buy the shares back at a later date.
  • Alliances or Partnerships - An individual or business may seek to ally or partner with other individuals or businesses to gain access to greater knowledge or skills, and of course increased financial resource. Sleeping partners may invest in a business but take no control over day-to-day operations. Often though, alliances or partnerships are strategic, i.e. the two entities working together offer ‘something greater than the sum of its parts’.

Non-ownership capital

  • Bank overdrafts - Expensive in terms of interest charges and arrangement fees, but often easier to access than other sources of finance. Overdrafts may be offered for a limited time which (in addition to high interest costs) might make them unsuitable for funding longer term investment.
  • Loans - Banks, building societies and other commercial money lenders offer loans on short-term or long-term bases, for a variety of different purposes. Eligibility for a loan or the amount offered may depend on a business’s financial track record, projections of future performance, or availability of security to borrow against. Interest rates vary but loans are not the cheapest way to acquire finance, and regular repayments must be budgeted for when considering cash flow. Schemes such as the Small Firms Loan Guarantee (SFLG) exist to help businesses that have been turned down for commercial loans, but selection criteria still apply, so the scheme is not available to all. Click here for more info on SFLG
  • Grants - Considered by many to be the ideal source of finance, grants do not have to be paid back and no ownership rights are given up. Grants are not free money however, because a grant is often awarded upon condition of a business doing something in return for the money - such as to develop a new idea, concept or product, employ someone or work collaboratively with others. Grants recipients may also need to report back to grant givers on how effectively the money was spent. Grants are sometimes designed to help specific groups such as deprived areas or young people, so access to grant funding might depend on a business’s circumstances or goals.
  • Debentures - Loans that are secured, where the lender has some kind of preferential rights. For example, a debenture loan may be secured for the purchase of a property, which the lender takes a legal interest in, similar to a domestic mortgage arrangement. Debenture holders may also have preferential rights to payment over and above other investors, such as shareholders, and may also have preferential rights to repayments should the business go into liquidation. Because of these preferential rights, debenture finance may impact ownership capital agreements, even though debenture lenders do not technically ‘own’ a portion of the business.
  • Friends and family (and fools) - As the ‘and fools’ appendage suggests, sourcing finance from friends and family can be problematic. Problems could occur when the borrower makes unrealistic promises of success, or when the lender expects a bigger return on investment than they ultimately receive. Such issues can usually be addressed by managing expectations on both sides. (Such funding may also be sought in exchange for ownership rights such as ordinary shares, as detailed in the previous section.)

Choosing between ownership and non-ownership finance is tricky and the decision is subject to some unknowns. For example, an early stage business may be wary of borrowing because of exposure to interest charges and high monthly repayments. Instead, it may choose to sell part of its business. In the short-term this may be an attractive route to finance, but if the business turns out to be a huge success it may regret that decision - if it is forced to share a large portion of its profits or is left with insufficient equity to raise further rounds of finance.

Such an example demonstrates how no type of finance is typically better than another. The choice depends on a business’s current circumstances - and its future potential.  Any business looking to raise finance must therefore think extremely carefully about all the options available, and how their decisions may affect the business’s success in the short and long term.

Further resources

Find out more about government-backed guarantee for business loans: The Small Firms Loan Guarantee

 

Access to finance: The Small Firms Loan Guarantee

The Small Firms Loan Guarantee (SFLG) is a government-backed guarantee for business loans administered by approved money lenders. It aims to support small to medium-sized businesses that have viable business development plans but lack the assets required to secure conventional loans. In essence, the scheme seeks to facilitate the development of firms with strong potential, but limited borrowing power.

The SFLG guarantees loans, but it does not guarantee that every small to medium-sized business is entitled to a loan. The scheme is administered by private money lenders, from high-street banks to specialist not-for-profit organisations such as the South West Investment Group. Each lender defines their own eligibility criteria and makes their own borrowing decisions. As a result, the decision whether to grant a loan remains a commercial one, which remains solely with the money lender.

The main features and criteria of the scheme are:

  • A guarantee to the lender covering 75 per cent of the loan amount, for which the borrower pays a two per cent premium on the outstanding balance of the loan.
  • The ability to guarantee loans of up to £250,000 and with terms of up to ten years.
  • Availability to qualifying UK businesses with an annual turnover of up to £5.6 million.
  • Availability to businesses in most sectors and for most business purposes, although there are some exceptions.
    Source: berr.gov.uk

In March, Budget 2008 announced that the SFLG scheme is extending its eligibility ‘to include businesses with growth aspirations over five years old’. In addition, a temporary 20 per cent increase in available funds was announced. Together, these changes broaden the scope and availability of the scheme, providing more opportunities for access to finance amongst small to medium-sized businesses.

Businesses interested in the SFLG scheme should contact participating money lenders for more information on availability and eligibility criteria.

View list of participating lenders on the BERR website

Download Loans and overdrafts guide

Financing growth: Debt factoring and invoice discounting

Debt factoring

Debt factoring is a method of releasing working capital from invoices in advance of them being paid.

A third party - such as a major bank, financial institution or independent organisation - agrees to pay a business cash advances on the strength of their unpaid invoices. These invoices are subsequently paid directly to the factor, who levies the agreed fees and applicable interest charges. In short, you get cash faster than you otherwise would have, but you give away a percentage of each invoice.

Factoring can be a complex agreement to initiate, and is usually only available to businesses trading with other companies on credit terms. Factors will require access to your business plan and financial records, in order to determine your suitability for a factoring facility, and you will need to discuss several key details with the factor when ironing out the terms of the agreement.

In addition to providing a boost to working capital, factoring may represent a cost-effective way to outsource your invoicing function, protect you from bad debts, and help you streamline your cash flow and financial planning. Useful benefits when pursuing a growth strategy - but as with most borrowing - the advantages come at a cost.

For more information on Debt factoring read our guide to Debt factoring and invoice discounting

Invoice discounting

Invoice discounting is another method of drawing money against invoices, but does not require a business to hand over control of its sales ledger.

A third party invoice discounter agrees to advance a percentage of the total outstanding sales ledger. In return, an agreed monthly fee is paid to the invoice discounter, alongside any additional interest charges on the net amount advanced. Month by month - assuming the total of outstanding invoices changes - so will the total amounts paid to and from invoice discounter.

Invoice discounting is similar to factoring in respect that it is often a long-term agreement, offered to businesses that deal on credit terms. It offers similar benefits too, such as the release of working capital quickly into the business, and a more robust cash flow system which may help manage financial investments or facilitate rapid growth. Unlike factoring, you retain control of your sales ledger, avoiding the need make your clients pay invoiced amounts to third parties.

For more information on Invoice discounting read our guide to Debt factoring and invoice discounting

Important note: It is advisable to seek professional guidance on the legal and financial implications of any type of financial arrangement.